Ethereum co-founder Vitalik recently published a summary of the technological advancements over the past year, highlighting several key upgrades worth noting.

The most straightforward improvement is **gas fees and processing capacity**. By increasing the gas limit and adding more blobs, the Ethereum mainnet's transaction throughput has seen a substantial boost, providing real relief for users who have long been troubled by high gas costs.

**Improvements in node software quality**, while not as immediately perceptible as gas optimizations, are fundamental to infrastructure stability. More stable clients mean an overall healthier network.

The most exciting development is the **performance breakthrough of zkEVMs**. The integration of zero-knowledge proof technology with the Ethereum Virtual Machine has opened new growth avenues for Layer 2 scaling solutions. Several zkEVM-based Layer 2 solutions now demonstrate TPS and cost performance that can rival some specialized public chains.

Another technical direction is the advancement of **PeerDAS**. This protocol is designed to optimize data availability sampling, opening up possibilities for further scalability in the future.

Overall, Ethereum's upgrade strategy is quite clear—maintain network stability and improve core performance on the mainnet, while Layer 2 solutions compete for users. The gradual maturation of this layered ecosystem is rewriting the performance expectations of blockchain technology.