Ethereum end of year Fusaka upgrade, 12 EIPs fully analyzed: directly addressing the three major pain points of scalability, security, and efficiency.

Ethereum will soon launch the Fusaka hard fork at the end of 2025, strengthening the scalability and security through 12 improvement proposals, and preparing for large-scale asset on-chain in the future. (Synopsis: Tom Lee shouts with confidence: Ethereum is a “truly neutral blockchain” at 12,000 at the end of the year, and Bitcoin will rush to $250,000) (Background supplement: Tom Lee's analysts: Ethereum $4,000 to defend the war and stabilize the long-term upward offensive of $5,500) Ethereum is about to usher in a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade contains a total of 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like 12 sophisticated parts that will work together to improve Ethereum's scalability, security, and operational efficiency. Below, I'll categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in plain language what problems they each solve and why they are critical to Ethereum's future. Expand! Making Ethereum Run Faster and Pack More This is the core theme of Fusaka's upgrade. For Ethereum to host the global digital economy, it must address transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs are designed to achieve this, especially around scaling Layer 2 to reduce costs and increase efficiency. EIP-7594: PeerDAS – Data Availability Sampling Pain point: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced data “blobs” to provide cheap data storage for Layer 2, a core question arises: how do you ensure that this massive amount of data is truly available? The current practice is to require each validating node to download and verify all blob data carried by a chunk. This is feasible when a block carries up to 9 blobs. However, if the number of blobs increases further in the future (such as 128), downloading and verifying all blobs will incur high overhead, which will raise the threshold for validator participation and threaten the decentralization of the network. Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “all checks” into “spot checks.” In simple terms: the network slices the complete blob data. Each validator doesn't need to download all blobs, just randomly download and check a few pieces of data. Then, by spot-checking each other and exchanging verification results, everyone can jointly confirm the integrity and availability of the entire set of blob data. It's like a big jigsaw puzzle where everyone only has a few pieces in their hands, but as long as you check each other's key connections, you can be sure that the whole puzzle is intact. It is worth pointing out that PeerDAS is not an entirely new invention, and its core DAS ideas have been successfully practiced in third-party DA projects such as Celestia. The implementation of PeerDAS is more like making up a key “technical debt” for Ethereum's long-term scaling blueprint. Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces the storage burden of validators, clearing the barrier for Ethereum to achieve large-scale data expansion, which may weaken decentralization. In the future, each block is expected to hold hundreds of blobs, supporting up to 10 million TPS as claimed by Teragas' vision, while ordinary people can easily run validators and keep the network decentralized. EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork – Lightweight Parameter Upgrade Pain point: The market demand for Layer 2 data capacity is changing rapidly, and if you have to wait for a large upgrade like Fusaka every time you adjust the maximum number of blobs, it will be too slow to keep up with the pace of ecological development. Solution: This EIP defines a special “Blob Parameter Only Hard Fork” (BPO) mechanism. This upgrade is very lightweight, it only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (such as target blobs per chunk), and does not involve complex code changes. The node operator doesn't even need to upgrade the client software, just accept the new parameters at a specified time, as simple as updating a configuration file for the software online. What it means: BPO gives Ethereum the ability to quickly and securely adjust network capacity. For example, after this Fusaka upgrade, the community plans to perform two BPO upgrades in a short period of time to gradually double the blob capacity. This allows Ethereum to scale blob space on demand, elastically, and gradually, smoothing L2 costs and throughput, and making risks more manageable. EIP-7918: Stabilizing the Blob Expense Market Pain point: The original adjustment mechanism for blob fees was too “market-ready”, which brought some unexpected problems. First, when the market demand for blobs is low, the cost will drop to close to zero, but this will not effectively stimulate new demand, but will create an abnormal “all-time low”. Conversely, when demand is high, Blob Fee will soar again, creating another extreme high price. This drastic price “involution” makes Layer 2 expense planning difficult. Solution: The core idea of EIP-7918 is to no longer let blob fees fluctuate indefinitely, but to set a reasonable price range for it, a flexible “minimum spend”. The implementation is to link the upper and lower limits of the blob fee to the execution fee of Layer 2 on Layer 1. Whether it's updating the state root or verifying a ZK proof, these execution fees are relatively stable and have little to do with the transaction volume within the L2 block. Therefore, linking the upper and lower limits of the blob fee to this stable “anchor” can prevent its price from jumping up and down. Significance: The immediate benefit of this improvement is to prevent the “involution” of the blob fee market and make the operating cost model of the Layer 2 project more predictable, so that Layer 2 can formulate more stable and reasonable transaction fees for end users, avoiding the roller coaster experience of “free today, sky-high prices tomorrow”. EIP-7935: Increase mainnet transaction capacity Pain point: The total number of transactions that can be accommodated per Ethereum block is determined by the “block gas cap” (currently about 30 million) and has not been adjusted for many years. The most direct way to increase the throughput of the entire network is to increase this upper limit, but you must ensure that the hardware threshold of the validator node is not raised and the degree of decentralization is not weakened. Solution: This proposal proposes to raise the default gas limit of blocks to a new level (the exact value is to be determined, it may be 45 million or more). This is not forced locking, but rather a new recommended default that guides consensus layer validators to gradually accept higher gas caps. What it means: This means that more transactions can be packed per Layer 1 block, and the TPS of the Ethereum mainnet will be directly improved, and network congestion and gas fee spikes can be alleviated. Of course, this also places higher demands on the verifier's hardware, so the community will test and advance carefully. Safe and stable! Build a strong line of defense for your network…